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Development of transport means and infrastructure continues taking place to make services much more efficient, reliable, qualified secure, and affordable, and to realize the national transport networks in inter-model system, and integrated with the regional development drive. They are designed to be part of the whole system of distribution, capable of offering services and benefits for the people, including making the rural and urban networks function properly.
The main aims of development of transport means and infrastructure are: 1) to rehabilitate and maintain the existing transport means and infrastructure in order that they function as they should; 2) to make them meet the standards of transport security services operation of domestic and international ones; 3) to create a much more favorable, fair and open business climate in the transport sector so that all business players such as state-run enterprises, private enterprises, as well as central and regional governments take part actively in providing transport services; and 4) to meet at least the minimum necessities of transport services in remote or rural areas.
In the context of improving and maintaining transport services, in the period of 2000-2004 priority was given to the development, rehabilitation and improvement of transport infrastructure of land transport, including inland waterways (river, lake and ferry transport), sea, and air transport.
In making the traffic of goods and passengers services run more smoothly to reach even remote areas, and to link the centers of production and their market places, the Government has offered subsidies for the operation of pioneering transport services, in addition to the economic-class transport services for people of economically low-and-middle brackets. Enjoying the subsidy scheme for pioneering bus services, there were 50 pioneering bus routes in 2001, which increased to 92 routes in 2004.
Studies on transport-related measures covering legal aspects, institutional tariff and subsidy aspects as well as the aspects of human resources, have been and are being done to improve services. The studies have been so far leading to among other things final drafting of amendments to the existing laws in the field of transport (Law No. 13 of 1980 on Roads, Law No. 13 of 1992 on Railways, Law No. 14 of 1992 on Road Traffic, Law No. 15 of 1992 on Civil Aviation, and Law No. 21 of 1992 on Sea Transport). The amendments to these laws are designed among others things to reposition the real role and function of the Government in public transport services, to offer the private business sector and regional administrations more room to take part, and to take measures on tariff and subsidies more conducive to investment by private and state-owned enterprises, and competition fairer and healthier.
ROAD TRANSPORTATION
Roads play a leading role in passenger and freight traffic. At the end of 2002 there were 22.99 million vehicles licensed for use on the roads in Indonesia, of which 73.97 percent were passenger cars, 8.12 percent trucks, and 3.10 percent buses. The number included inter-city buses serving public passenger services, which were numbering 19,370 in 2004, up from 17,613 in 2001. It is worth noting that the number of vehicles assembled at home in 2003 was 3.12 million units, an increase of 19.28 percent than that of 2002, of which motorcycles accounted for 90.21 percent, pick ups and vans 7.03 percent, buses for 1.46 percent, sedans 1.07 percent, trucks 0.28 percent, and jeeps 0.03 percent.
A bridge over Kahayan River in Central Kalimantan Province |
Improvement and repair as well as maintenance, along with new construction of roads, are continuously being made in the network of roads which are classified into road networks under the central government's management authority (which form a basic network linking major cities, industrial areas and ports), those under the management authority of provincial governments, and those under the authority of district/municipal administrations. The total length of road networks in 2002 was 368.4 thousand km, of which some 27.6 thousand km are under the management authority of the central government, 48.9 thousand km under the authority of provincial administrations, and 291.8 thousand km under the authority of district/municipal administrations. Road widening and reinforcing of their surface structures have been made to some 3,000 km, in addition to the construction of 2,000 m of bridges along the road networks of Java's northern coast, Sumatra's eastern coast, Kalimantan routes and Sulawesi routes.
Some 850 km of roads and 1,000 m of bridges have been built to open up residential areas along and by the country's borderlines with a few neighboring countries, such as Jayapura-Wamena route, Flores-Seram routes, and road routes along borderlines at West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan (with Malaysia), at Papua (with Papua New Guinea), and East Nusa Tenggara (with Timor Leste), in addition to roads in Nias Island, Buru Island, Buton Island, Sangihe Island and Wetar Island. The road constructions in those places are also designed to speed up development in the country's less-developed eastern territory, and improve the role of residential areas along and by borderlines as international gateways.
Some 1,500 km of roads and 1,500 m of bridge were also built at Java's southern coast, at Sumatra's western coast including Ladia Galaska route (a land route linking Indian Ocean's coast to coast of Malacca strait via Gayo and Alas mountains) in the Province Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. The Suramadu (abbreviation of Surabaya and Madura) suspension bridge that will link Surabaya and Madura across the Strait of Madura in East Java is under construction. Also under construction is the 40-km toll road between Purwakarta and Padalarang (West Java), which will shorten the drive time from Jakarta to Bandung to only about two hours from about four hours currently.
ROAD SAFETY AND FACILITY
The country's road accident record had been considerable, making accident road traffic density high enough. To address the issue the Government has managed to construct and install road safety devices, including the installation of 1,185 traffic lights, 20,976 m of road safety fence, 11,500 traffic nail marks and road marks of 349,130 m mainly on national road networks. Still to minimize the effect of road accidents, it has been made compulsory to wear seat belts in the front sears of cars, and wearing helmets for motorcyclist.
In dealing with overloaded freight by trucks and container trucks, weighing bridge stations have been put into operation in many places including those having been built in West Sumatra, Riau and North Sumatra.
In offering the public in Jakarta much more comfortable services with relatively reasonable price, faster ride, the "Transjakarta" bus services has come into operation since the beginning of 2004 to serve the main route of Kebayoran Baru (South Jakarta) Kota (West Jakarta). It is also designed to help easing the city's heavy traffic. Also, in easing the city's traffic congestion two monorail systems have been planned.
RAILWAYS
Pasar Senen train station |
Railway services in Indonesia are available only in Java Island, and Sumatra Island (North Sumatra, West Sumatra, and South Sumatra). The island of Kalimantan will have such services in a few years to come as preparations are being worked on. The state-run PT Kereta Api Indonesia (The Indonesian Railway Company) manages train services.
Railway facilities and infrastructure continue to be made available and modernized, along with improved services. This includes the construction of double-track rail and installation of electronic traffic signs in heavy traffic routes.
Rehabilitation schemes from 2001 to 2004 (up to August) included the betterment of rails as long as 71.8 km, betterment of rail traffic signs and telecommunication devices, and repairs of 18 units of diesel trains and three units electric trains, and improvement of a 118.25 km rail track of economy-class trains. In addition, there had been the procurement of 1,100 km of R-54 rail track, and construction of a 223 km double-track rail of Cikampek-Cirebon route, Cikampek-Padalarang route, Yogyakarta-Solo route are being done, and the Kutoarjo-Kroya route double-track rail is being prepared along with the reconstruction of railway in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
PASSENGER SERVICES
The passenger networks consist of inter-city network linking major cities in Java in particular; local stopping services; and commuter services in and around the large cities, especially Jakarta and its surroundings such as Bogor, Bekasi and Depok.
The Indonesian Railway Company PT KAI, runs inter-city executive services such as Argo Bromo train, Argo Bromo Anggrek train, and Bima train that operate on the Jakarta-Surabaya route, the Gajayana train that operates on the Jakarta-Blitar-Malang route, Argo Lawu train and Dwipangga train both operate on the Jakarta-Yogyakarta route, Gumarang train and Kamandadu train both operated on the Jakarta-Semarang route, Argo Gede train and Parahyangan train both operate on the Jakarta-Bandung route. The PT KAI also operates electrified services from Jakarta to Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi.
The PT KAI also provides special services for tourists, businessmen, and railway enthusiasts by operating Nusantara, Bali and Toraja trains, the coaches of which having facilities and interior decoration of Indonesian cultural nuance, and are equipped with bed rooms, meeting rooms, dining rooms, mini-bars, audio-videos etc.
In improving railway management, PT KAI started in the period of 2000-2004 adopting a financial scheme of Public Service Obligation (PSO) for subsidizing the operation of economy-class passenger train services; Infrastructure Maintenance and Operation (IMO), and the Track Access-Charges (TAC) application to fund railways services.
The number of passengers transported by trains services in 2000 totaled 190.7 million, but in 2003 it dwindled to 150.7 million. The decrease was chiefly due to tighter competition the services had to face from other modes of transport, especially in inter-city services from air transport. While the number of passenger transported by commuter trains tend to increase.
On the contrary the total amount of freight handled by cargo trains rose from 16.8 million tons in 2000 to 17.99 million tons in 2003.
INLAND WATERWAYS AND FERRY CROSSING
The inland waterways, particularly big rivers in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua, play an important part in both passenger-and freight-carrying. Meanwhile ferry crossings play a key role in transporting passengers and freight from and to adjacent islands such as between Java and Sumatra, Java and Bali, etc, especially in view of Indonesia being an archipelago.
Passenger ship that plies between Palembang and Muntok, both in Southern Sumatra |
Development and rehabilitation of inland waterways and ferry crossings continue to improve services. In the period of 2000-2004, among other things 13 crossing beacons and 700 river buoys were installed, four crossing and river wharves rehabilitated, 30 crossing wharves and five river and lake wharves developed. In addition, there were some 277,529 cubic meters of mud along some shipping courses dredged.
To open up isolated and remote areas, ten vessels have been constructed and made available for serving pioneer crossing services. Subsidies are also provided for the operation of pioneer shipping services on 59 crossing routes.
The number of both passengers and freight carried on ferry crossings shows an increasing tendency. The number of passengers transported by ferry crossing services in 2000, for instance, totaled 35.94 million, and the number swelled to 39.36 million in 2003. Total freight handled in 2000 amounted to 13.9 million tons before increasing to 14.4 million tons in 2003. The number of vehicles ferried in 2000 was 8.712 million units, but the number then shrank to 5.9 million units in 2003.
SEA TRANSPORT
Shipping has been playing an important role for so many, many years in transporting inter-island passengers and freight. So it is very reasonable the Government to always pay serious attention to the development of shipping facilities and infrastructure as well as improvement of its management.
Sundakelapa traditional harbor for inter-insular shipping |
In the framework of developing sea transport services, marine facilities and infrastructure have been made available during the past few years, including the construction of a multipurpose wharf of 237.8 m in length at Kupang (East Nusatenggara), and a container wharf of 130 m in length in Bitung (North Sulawesi), the dredging of 10.7 million cubic meters of mud along some shipping routes, the rehabilitation of 101 units of supporting navigation instruments, the construction of two marine disaster prevention ships and three passenger ships of 2000 type, the installation of supporting navigation instruments (12 light houses, 22 beacons, and 119 floating beacons).
To make isolated and remote coastal areas and islands better accessible, eight pioneer vessels have been constructed and handed over to the administrations of North Sulawesi Province, Papua Province, North Maluku, and East Nusatenggara, and another five still under construction. In addition, subsidies have been provided for the operation of pioneer-shipping at 174 routes.
In 2002 overseas freight loaded amounted to 163.34 million tons, up 5.76 percent from that of the previous year, and domestic freight to 139.95 million tons, up 1.96 percent.
AIR TRANSPORT
Garuda aircraft was in the Netherland's Schippol Airport |
Development and improvement of air transport facilities and infrastructure keep on going to improve services. Those include the maintenance of runways and terminals of 470,920 sq. m and 18,310 sq. m respectively; and expansion of runways and terminals of 431,179 sq. m and 1,811sq.m respectively. The runways and terminals of Manado airport in North Sulawesi and Ambon (Maluku) airport are among those undergoing expansion, to make them capable of handling larger aircraft and many more passengers and cargo. Concerning pioneer-flight, the Government has provided subsidies for some 317 routes.
The number of national fleet in 2003 was 545 aircraft, consisting of 369 fixed-wing aircraft and 176 rotary wing or helicopters. Of the number, some 185 fixed-wing aircraft and 13 helicopters belonged to the Government, and the remaining 184 fixed-wing aircraft and 163 helicopters were owned by private airline companies.
In 2003 a total of some 13,515,866 passengers traveled by air, swelling from 9,354,303 passengers in 2002. At the same time, the amount of cargo carried by air was 154,778 tons in 2002, and 225,450 tons in 2003.
For the year 2004 the Government allotted Rp33 billion for the development of pioneer-flight routes in Papua or Irian Jaya by the state run airline company PT. Merpati Nusantara, and Mimika Air.
METEOROLOGY
The institutional restructurization of the National Meteorology and Geophysics Agency took place in 2002 pursuant to Presidential Decisions No. 46 of 2002 and No. 48 of 2002. The restructurization aimed to allow the Agency function optimally and serve not only the interest of transport sector, but also those of other strategic elements such as agriculture, irrigation, forestry, water resources, and the public.
Included in the restructurization scheme is the modernization of the agency's instruments and their optimum use. Instruments added to the Agency's system comprise one unit of rain radar, six automatic weather stations (AWS), five automatic port weather devices, three units of accelerograph digital components, two units of three seismograph broadband components, three units of lightning detector, and one unit of gravimeter.
For improved meteorological and geophysics telecommunications, the Agency uses VSAT Link 32 Kbps, VSAT IP, transponder and LC. In addition, the Agency has developed a center for flight weather information services that meets international standards, in Soekarno-Hatta Meteorological Station.
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATION
Various efforts have been done to improve the services of Post and Telecommunications, among other thing through: 1. rehabilitation schemes of post and telecommunications infrastructures; 2.developments of radio frequency station and procurement of various devices for controlling illegal radio frequencies; 3. rearrangement of radio FM and television frequencies; 4. improvement of laboratory for telecommunications tests to help the supply of telecommunications devices meeting international standards.
The Government, through PT. Telkom, continues to improve telecommunication services. During the period of 2000-2003, PT. Telkom had added to its system some 1.68 million telephone connections to make the total installed capacity of the company's telephone centre amounting to 10.15 million telephones lines, with used capacity of 8.73 million of telephone or a 3.5 percent penetrating level.
In 2003, mobile communications or cellular telephone subscribers totaled 11.3 million, a substantial increase from more than 3.6 million in 2002.
Telecommunications and information are growing rapidly during the past few years. In anticipating this trend, the Government has enacted Presidential instruction No. 6 of 2001 on the development of telecommunications and information technology in Indonesia. During the period of 2002-2003, internet subscribers grew by 140 percent to reach 865 thousand, and the users of internet services swelled by 320 percent from 1.9 million in 2002 to eight million in 2003. Currently, fixed line telephone ratio is 3.6 per 100 populations, and that of cellular telephone is 5.5 per 100 populations.
In meeting public service obligation (PSO), and universal service obligation (USO) in field of post and telecommunications, the Government in 2003 provided PT. Pos Indonesia with compensation fund, and built telecommunications facilities in 3,016 villages, and in 7,500 villages in 2004.
During the period of 2000-2004, the postage consumption for domestic mail and for overseas mail noted a decreasing tendency: domestic mail in 2002 amounted to 282.6 million pieces, down by 24.6 percent from that in 2001. At the same time overseas mail amounted to 11.7 million, down by 39.0 percent from that in 2001.
There were 7,147 post offices in 2002 throughout the country, consisting of 207 main post offices, 2,496 auxiliary village post offices, and 3,544 postal services kiosks.
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