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According to the amended 1945 Constitution, there are now 7 (seven) organs of the state:
- The People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat -MPR)
- he Presidency
- The House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat -DPR)
- The State Audit Board (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan -BPK)
- The Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung -MA)
- The Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi -MK)
- The Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah -DPD)
THE PEOPLE'S CONSULTATIVE ASSEMBLY
Article 1 of the amended 1945 Constitution states that Indonesia is a unitary state which has the form of republic with the sovereignty vested in the people and shall be exercised in accordance with the constitution.
The Assembly has the authority to amend and stipulate the Constitution and to inaugurate the President and Vice-President. According to the amended the 1945 Constitution, the assembly is no more the highest political institution in the state. The Assembly does no longer elect the President and Vice-President, because the President and Vice-President in pair are elected direct by the people. The Assembly can only discharge the President and/or Vice-President during his/her term of office with due observance of the Constitution.
The membership of the Assembly consists of 550 members of the House of Representatives and the number of the members of the Regional Representatives Council, which is elected through the general elections. According to the amended 1945 Constitution, delegates of the regions and delegates of functional grouping will no longer be appointed to the membership of the MPR, as they were previously.
Pursuant to Decree Number VII/MPR/1998, the Chairmanship of the People's Consultative Assembly is made separate from that of the House of Representatives. According to the amended 1945 Constitution, the MPR Chairman is assisted by three vice-chairmen, who reflect the groupings in the DPR and DPD and are elected by and from among the members of MPR in an MPR Plenary Session. Current chairman of the Assembly is Hidayat Nur Wahid.
In fulfilling one of its tasks, the Assembly has taken the oath of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as president, and Mohammad Yusuf Kalla as Vice-President.
THE REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL
The Regional Representatives Council (DPD) is a regional representation institution with the status as a state institution. It is established pursuant to Article 22C of the 1945 Constitution and based on Law No. 22 of 2003 on structure and status of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the House of Representatives (DPR), the Regional Representatives Council (DPD) and the Regional House of Representatives (DPRD). The establishment of DPD is aimed at enhancing the democratic life, securing people's regional representation in implementing their duty and authority, and developing a mechanism of check-and-balance between legislative bodies and executive ones and improving the quality, productivity and performance of the members of people's consultative/representative's bodies and the regions to realize justice and welfare for the people.
The DPD consists of regional representatives of the provinces who are elected through general elections. Electoral region for DPD members are the provinces, and the amount of DPD members for each province are 4 (four) persons, whereas total number of all DPD members shall not exceed 1/3 (one third) of the number of DPR members. The determination of DPD elected candidates is based on candidates' names who have the first, second, third, and fourth largest number in the concerned province. Candidates for DPD members should meet the requirements of: having been domiciled in concerned province at least for three consecutive years, which is counted until the date of submitting the candidacy or have been domiciled for ten years since he was 17 years old in the concerned province, and he/she is not being an organizer of a political party at least for four years, which is counted until the date of submitting the candidacy.
Where as the candidates who come from civil servants, the Indonesian Military/Police members, should resign themselve from their organizations/offices.
The DPD may submit to the DPR bills relating to regional autonomy, relationship between the central and regional government, establishment and development of new regions, natural and economic resources management which are related to the central and regional finance affairs. Accordingly, the DPD will also give considerations to the DPR concerning the bills on State Budget and the bills concerning tax, education, and religious affairs and perform surveillance on the implementation of the law and submit the results of surveillance to the DPR. The DPD shall hold session at least once in a year. The terms of office for the DPD is five years, and the DPD members shall be able to be dismissed from their position, the requirements and procedures shall be regulated by law.
THE PRESIDENCY
In the government system of Indonesia, the President is both head of state and chief executive. In exercising his/her duties, the President shall be assisted by a Vice-President.
According to the amended 1945 Constitution, the President and Vice-President in pair is elected direct by the people.
The President and Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years and shall be eligible for re-election in the same position only for another term.
The President has the right to submit bills to the House of Representatives and determine Government Regulations to expedite the enforcement of laws.
The President and Vice-President can be discharged from office in mid-term by the People's Consultative Assembly, based on the proposal of the House of Representatives, either when he/she has been proved guilty of violating the law, such as betrayal of the state, corruption, bribery, or any other big crime, or indecent act, or he/she has been proved to be no longer fulfilling the qualifications of a President and/or Vice-President.
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
The total membership of the House of Representatives is five hundred and fifty (550) members, representing political organizations that took part in the general elections which are elected through general elections.
The House shall convene at least once a year. It shall have legislative function, budgetary function, and supervision function. In carrying out its functions the House shall also have the rights of interpellation, inquiry and expression of opinions. Besides those rights it shall have the rights to pose questions, submit suggestions and views, as well as the right of immunity. Further, members of the House shall have the right to submit a bill.
Decree No. VII/MPR/1998 regulates that the Chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly is made separate from Speaker of the House; current House Speaker is Agung Laksono.
The General Elections Commission has determined seats allocation for the House of Representatives by the amount of 550 seats for 32 provinces in Indonesia.
South Sumatra Provincial House of Representative Building
THE STATE AUDIT BOARD
The functions of the State Audit Board are outlined in Article 23E of the 1945 Constitution. Its main function is to conduct official examinations of government financial accounts. The findings of the Board are submitted to the House of Representatives, the Regional Representative Council, and the Regional Houses of Representatives in accordance with their respective authorities.
The Board should locate in the capital of the state and have representatives in every province. Current chairman of the Board is Anwar Nasution.
THE SUPREME COURT
The Supreme Court and the subordinated judiciary institutions within the realms of the general court, the religions court, the material court and the administrative court are independent courts.
They shall exercise the judiciary power. The Supreme Court, according to Article 24A of the Constitution, shall have the authorities to hear appeal cases to review regulations below the level of laws to the laws concerned, and other authorities accorded by law.
Current chairman of the Court is Bagir Manan.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
The Constitutional Court shall have the authority to put on trial at the first and final instance, whose ruling irreversible, to review laws against the Constitution, to rule on conflicts of authorities among state institutions whose authorities are given by the Constitution, to decide the dissolution of political parties, and to settle disputes on the results of general elections.
It shall also be obliged to rule on the opinion of the House on the assumption of violation by the President and/or Vice-President according to the Constitution.
The Court's current chairman Jimly Asshidiqie.
THE GOVERNMENT APPARATUS
The government apparatus have a decisive role in achieving successful implementations of general government affairs and development activities. Therefore, measures have been taken to include the execution of state apparatus supervision, the institutional and management refurbishment, the improvement of public services quality, and the enhancement of human resources capacity.
In this context there have been some schemes, including the State Apparatus Scrutiny Scheme, which aims to realize clean, respectable state apparatus that are free from cases of corruption, collusion and nepotism. In addition, there are main activities of the scheme aimed at: developing a transparent and accountable information system on supervision; improving the information quality of supervision system, which is integrated with the measure of enhancing the quality of planning, monitoring, controlling, and reporting; upholding ethics and morality of the government auditors, and following up transparent internal supervisory results, and reinforcing civil servants disciplinary regulations; implementing consistently Law No.28 of 1999 concerning the Management of State Affairs, which is free from corruption, collusion and nepotism and at the same time improving the role of the Commission Watch on the State Apparatus' Wealth; arranging and developing the system of Governmental Institutions' Performance Accountability as criteria for the success and/or failure of main tasks completion and function of government institutions; and striving efficiency in the inspectorial structure.
The other schemes are: the Institutional and Management Restructuring Scheme, which is designed to refurbish the state apparatus institutional and management system in the execution of general governmental task and development focused on the implementation of decentralization which is supported by a more efficient and effective documentary/archival management; the Improvement of Public Services Quality Scheme, which is intended to improve the quality of public services in various fields of public administration and development in consonance with the system of Governmental Institutions' Performance Accountability in central and regional administrations' working units; and the Improvement of Public Services Quality Scheme, which is aimed at enhancing quality, professionalism and skill of the state apparatus in performing their respective duties and functions in a more optimum way.
THE INDONESIAN PRESIDENTS
SOEKARNO, THE FIRST PRESIDENT
On August 18, 1945, the day after independence was proclaimed, the Indonesia's Committee for Preparation of Independence (PPKI) elected Soekarno by acclamation as first president of the young Republic with Hatta as vice-president.
Soekarno's address before the members of the Investigating Committee for Preparation for Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI) on June 1, 1945, outlined five principles called Panca Sila that later on developed to become the nation's basic philosophy contained in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution.
In 1955, President Soekarno had to his credit the holding of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, West Java. The initiative was taken by Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Myanmar and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). The conference was attended by delegates from 24 Asian and African countries. Also presences in the conference were Chou En-Lai of China, Nehru of India, and Nasser of Egypt. This was an important beginning for non-aligned movement.
In the same year Soekarno succeeded in holding Indonesia's first general election in which 47 political parties contested to elect their representatives for the House (DPR) and the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).
On July 5, 1959 he issued a Decree for the reinstatement of the 1945 Constitution. This was followed by his announcement of a Political Manifesto on August 17. Later the Manifesto became the Guidelines of State Policy. Furthermore, his handpicked Provisional People's Consultative Assembly did resolve to make President Soekarno president for life.
Regarding Indonesia's claim to get back West Guinea, now Papua that was being occupied by Dutch troops, President Soekarno's stance was firm; he ordered to establish the "People Threefold Command" to liberate it. He also created the "Mandala Command for Liberation of the West New Guinea." This move was bringing some tangible result which led to the negotiations between the Dutch and Indonesian Government in New York under the auspices of the UN to reach an agreement to settle the problem of Indonesia's claim to West Irian or West New Guinea.
The negotiations resulted in a resolution of the UN to administer the territory of West Irian for a period of one year to be ultimately officially transferred to the Republic of Indonesia. The people's "act of free choice" later resulted the West Irian's choice to remain with the Republic of Indonesia.
Considering the formation of Malaysia being the British Empire's puppet and satellite government, President Soekarno staged a confrontation against it. Diplomatic ties between the two countries, Indonesia and Malaysia severed as of September 3, 1964. At the time Malaysia was ultimately accepted as member of the UN Security Council, that President Soekarno ordered Indonesia's representatives of the UN to quit the organization.
On the 30th of September 1965 the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) staged another coup which was however abortive failed by the Indonesian Armed Forces.
Later, Major General Soeharto emerged as the strong man of a new regime, and ordered the army to eliminate all traces of the Communist Party.
In March 1967 the MPR formally revoked Soekarno's governing authority and appointed Soeharto acting president, pursuant to the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly's Decree No. XLIV/1968.
Soekarno was put into house detention, before passing away in June 1970.
SOEHARTO, THE SECOND PRESIDENT
In July 1971, the second general election was held, and the functional group (Golkar) won 73 percent of the total seats in the House of Representatives (DPR).
The 960-seat Assembly (MPR) unanimously re-elected Soeharto as president to a second five-year term on March 22, 1973. Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX was elected vice-president.
The nation's third general election was held on May 2, 1977. The ruling Golkar won 62 percent of the vote, and took control of 332 seats in the 460-member House of Representatives. On March 22, 1978 the MPR re-elected Soeharto to third five-year term as president. Adam Malik was elected vice-president.
The nation's forth, fifth, sixth, and seventh general election had been held consecutively in 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1997. The Golkar emerged as the winning party at every national election with landslides vote during the New Order government. Parallel with this, the MPR had re-elected Soeharto to the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh five-year term as president.
Indonesia under the New Order Government of President Soeharto had shown substantial achievement in many fields, which had been enjoyed by the majority of the Indonesian people. It had gained success in the national development, before severe economic crisis that began with monetary crisis hitting the country as of July 1997.
Following suit was political crisis since the existing political system was unable to accommodate the dynamism of the aspirations and interests of the community. Students' street protests occurred frequently; they demanded political and economic reform as well as resignation of President Soeharto who had ruled the country for more than 32 years and eradication of corruption, collusion and nepotism. Pressure against President Soeharto to resign became so strong. Even the leadership of the House suggested Soeharto that he should resign.
Finally, Soeharto resigned on May 21, 1998, and he handed over the country's leadership to Vice-President B.J. Habibie.
B.J. HABIBIE, THE THIRD PRESIDENT
Habibie became the nation's third president. A day after having been inducted as President, he formed the Reform Development Cabinet, composing of various political and social forces, including politicians from the two minority parties, the United Development Party (PPP) and the Indonesian Democracy Party (PDI).
It was under the leadership of President Habibie the country's eighth general election taking place on June 7, 1999.
At the conclusion of its session, then the Assembly elected Mr. Abdurrahman Wahid after he outvoted four contenders including Megawati Soekarnoputri, who later was elected vice-president after overcoming Mr. Hamzah Haz. Abdurrahman Wahid secured 373 votes out of the total 691 against 313 votes gained by Megawati.
Earlier, the Habibie's administration reintroduced party system, by which forty-eight (48) political parties contested the election. The Indonesian Democracy Party of Struggle (PDI-P) got the top of the list, followed by its major contenders, i.e. Golkar Party, the National Awakening Party (PKB), the United Development Party (PPP) and the National Mandate Party (PAN).
It was under the Habibie Administration a number of political prisoners were released, freedom of expression by the people and press respected.
The MPR held general session in two stages, from October 1 to 3, and October 14-21, 1999. During the session the accountability address of President Habibie was rejected, and Habibie withdrew from his presidential nomination as a candidate from the Golkar Party.
ABDURRAHMAN WAHID, THE FOURTH PRESIDENT
Abdurrahman Wahid, better know as Gus Dur, indisputably became Indonesia's fourth president. Internationally acclaimed moderate Moslem leader, he is one of the National Awakening Party's founders. He started his political career in 1984 when he was elected chairman of the Nahdlatul Ulemas Islamic Organization.
The people's earlier expectations and hope upon President Abdurrahman Wahid to be able to restore the prolonged crisis was high enough. But it proved that during his one year and nine months in office he failed to recover the economic as well as political crisis. Even his image started to fade away, especially when he was suspected to have a connection with the so-called "Buloggate" and "Bruneigate" extortion.
Relations between the House and President Abdurrahman Wahid became sour and severe because the House regarded Abdurrahman Wahid failed to execute the constitution properly and to administer good governance. For this, the House sent letters of warning in the form of "Memorandum" I and II to him and demanded him to give explanations to Parliament. But on the other hand, President felt his administration had governed in conform with the constitution, so he ignored the summon from Parliament to give explanations. Instead, he declared a state of emergency that would be effective as of 6 p.m. on July 31, 2001, and suspended the MPR, DPR and Golkar Party.
In respond to the actions made by President Wahid, the MPR immediately held a special session during which it discharged Abdurrahman Wahid as president and appointed Vice-President Megawati Soekarnoputri the fifth president of the Republic of Indonesia.
MEGAWATI SOEKARNOPUTRI, THE FIFTH PRESIDENT
On July 23, 2001, Diah Permata Megawati Soekarnoputri took an oath of office of President of the Republic of Indonesia. She served his term of office until October 20, 2004.
However, it was only on August 9, 2001, President Megawati could announce members of her Cabinet named "Kabinet Gotong Royong" (Mutual Cooperation Cabinet). Her cabinet consists of three coordinating ministers, 18 ministers with portfolio, nine state ministers, and two high officials enjoying ministerial level.
So far, Megawati _the eldest daughter of Soekarno, the first Indonesian president_ and her cabinet have tried hard to first of all stabilize the country and to recover the nation's economy from severe crisis.
During her tenure, Megawati succeeded in not only improving substantially macro-economic performance, maintaining socio-political stability, but also in managing fairly arduous, complicated but peaceful, fair and democratic general elections of members of legislature and President and Vice-President in 2004. She surrendered the presidential post she served for more than three years, to her predecessor Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO, the SIXTH PRESIDENT
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, retired Army general, was officially inducted by the People's Consultative Assembly, and took his oath of office, on October 20, 2004, to become the sixth President of the Republic of Indonesia, replacing Megawati Seokarnoputri following his landslide victory _by garnering more than 60 percent of total valid votes in the nation's first-ever direct presidential election.
The installment itself was also attended by heads of governments of and special envoys from some foreign countries _the first installment of an Indonesian President attended by foreign envoys. Heads of foreign Governments at ending the installment of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono were newly elected Australian Prime Minister John Howard, Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Brunei Darussalam Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Timor Leste Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri, and special envoys from Japan, Thailand, South Korea and the Netherlands.
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was proposed to be a candidate for the President, pairing with Mohammad Jusuf Kalla as his running mate, by his party, the Democratic Party.
Before becoming President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was once Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources under the Abdurrahman Wahid Administration, and Coordinating Minister for Political and Security Affairs under the Cabinet of Megawati Sukarnoputri before quitting to contesting for the presidency. Under the administration of President Soeharto, he was considered among the Army's rising stars and one of the architects of reform in the military.
He graduated from the Military Academy in 1973 before earning a master degree in management from Webster University in the United States of America, and recently completing his doctorate with the Bogor Institute of Agriculture.
Broad education and experiences during his military and public services he holds are regarded as his advantages to lead the country to a better situation and condition.
"INDONESIA BERSATU" (UNITED INDONESIA) CABINET
The first Indonesian President elected by direct popular votes, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono inducted his cabinet called as the United Indonesia Cabinet, consisting threee coordinating ministers, 18 ministers with portfolios, 11 state ministers, and three high officials with status of state ministers, on 21 October, 2004 at Presidential Palace.
Listed below is the line up of the cabinet:
Coordinating Ministers:
- Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Adm. (ret) Widodo A.S., S.I.P.
- Coordinating Minister for the Economy: Boediono
- Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare: Aburizal Bakrie
Ministers with Portfolios:
- Minister of Home Affairs: Lt. Gen. (ret) H. Muh. Ma'ruf, S.E.
- Minister of Foreign Affairs: Dr. Nur Hassan Wirajuda
- Minister of Defense: Prof. Dr. Juwono Sudarsono
- Minister of Justice and Human Rights: Dr. Hamid Awaluddin, S.H.
- Minister of Finance: Sri Mulyani Indrawati
- Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources: Dr. Ir. Purnomo Yusgiantoro
- Minister of Industry: Dr. Ir. Andung Nitimihardja
- Minister of Trade: Dr. Marie Elka Pangestu
- Minister of Agriculture: Dr. Ir. Anton Aprianto, M.S.
- Minister of Forestry: H. M.S. Ka'ban, M.Si.
- Minister of Transportation and Telecommunication: Ir. M.Hatta Rajasa
- Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries: Freddy Numberi
- Minister of Manpower and Transmigration: Drs. Fahmi Idris
- Minister of Public Works: Ir. Joko Kirmanto, Dipl.H.E.
- Minister of Health: Dr. Siti Fadilah Supari
- Minister of National Education: Prof. Dr. Bambang Sudibyo, M.A.
- Minister of Social Affairs: Dr. H. Bachtiar Chamsyah
- Minister of Religious Affairs: M. Maftuh Basyuni
- Minister of Public Housing: Drs. Muhammad Yusuf Asy'ari, A.K., M.Si.
State Ministers:
- State Minister for Culture and Tourism: Ir. Jero Wacik, S.E.
- State Minister for Research and Technology: Dr. Kusmayanto Kadiman
- State Minister for Cooperatives and Small/Medium Enterprises: Drs. H. Suryadarma Ali, M.Si.
- State Minister for Environment: Ir. Rahmat Nadi Witoelar Kartaadipoetra
- State Minister for Women Empowerment: Dr. Meutia Farida Hatta Swasono, S.S., M.A.
- State Minister for Administrative Reform: Drs. Taufiq Effendi, M.B.A.
- State Minister for the Accelerated Development of Disadvantaged Regions: Dr. Saifullah Yusuf
- State Minister for National Development Planning/Chairman of the National Development Planning Board: Paskah Suzetta
- State Minister for State-Owned Companies: Sugiharto, S.E., M.B.A.
- State Minister for Communication and Information: Dr. Sofyan A. Djalil, S.H., M.A., MADD.
- State Minister for Youth and Sports: Adhyaksa Dault, S.H., M.Si.
Other VIPs
- State Secretary: Prof. Dr. Yusril Ihza Mahendra
- Cabinet Secretary : Sudi Silalahi
- People's Consultatives Speaker : Hidayat Nurwahid
- House of Representatives Speaker : Agung Laksono
- Attorney General : Abdul Rahman Saleh, S.H., M.H.
- Supreme Court Chief Justice : Bagir Manan
- Constitutional Court president : Jimly Asshidiqie
- Bank Indonesia Governor : Burhanuddin Abdullah
- TNI Chief : Marshal Djoko Suyanto
The 100-Day Working Program of "Indonesia Bersatu" Cabinet
The United Indonesia Cabinet's 100-day working program, an inseparable part of the Cabinet's middle-term development program for the next five years, contains concrete measures to respond to public high expectations over the government of the newly inducted President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. However, a number of urgent matters that are considered routine and already going on well are excluded from the 100-day program. Meanwhile, the cabinet's middle-term development program itself is scheduled to be introduced to the House of Representatives in January 2005 to be made into a law.
The short-term program covers a wide-range of activities in many fields. They include maintaining security and order, and creating a tranquil situation in some conflict-torn areas, such as in Mamasa (West Sulawesi), North Maluku, Poso, and building and fostering trust among inter-communal groups in those places. Other activities are to cope with separatist movements in the provinces of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and Papua; to uphold law enforcement at the country's territorial waters, and to combat illegal logging, illegal fishing, and smuggling of sea-sand and tin-sand; to augment the nation's resilience against terrorism, and to fight terrorism as well as to improve institutional bodies dealing with terrorist acts.
The program also urges on the maintenance of conducive situation during the commemoration of religious events of Idul Fitri (Islamic feast at the end of the Ramadhan fasting month) and Christmas, and the anticipation of possible floods during the rainy season (October 2004-March 2005).
Prominent in the short-term program is the eradication of corruption, including serious handlings of corruption cases, that have the potential to retrieve embezzled state money, and the provision of sufficient attention over the establishment of courts for corruption criminal acts, on their authorities, personnel, and finance; the formation of a commission tasked to control public prosecutor offices; and the reform of governmental administration system (bureaucracy).
On the creation of job opportunities and the protection of workers, the 100-day working program puts emphasis on the improvement of regulations and ministerial decisions to make them capable of creating a more flexible manpower market; the protection and the repatriation of Indonesian migrant workers from Malaysia; the close monitoring over some organizations that possibly do massive lay-off; the payment of Idul Fitri and Christmas allowance; and the formation of an independent Professional Certification National Body.
Regarding macro-economy, the 100-day program impels on the prudent execution of the 2004 State Budget; and on the review of the 2005 State Budget.
On investment, the program stresses the review of regional regulations and taxes which are considered impeding investment; and the improvement of competitive edge of industrial products, and the protection of small-scale depositors.
In dealing with education, the program drives for the improvement of the implementation of the nine-year compulsory education system; the provision of qualified skills and entrepreneurship education; the improvement of educators' professionalism; and the establishment as well as equitable distribution of educational facilities and infrastructures.
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono takes official oath as President of the Republic of Indonesia before the Assembly
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As far as the business world is concerned, the program seeks to enhance the provision of various tax incentives and trade facilities for business players; and the protection of manufacturing industrial establishments as well as the encouragement of industrial establishments in the regions.
Touching on health care, the program aims on the provision of free-of-charge health care services by third-class hospitals; and the purification of drinking water.
On poverty alleviation, the program spurs the Cabinet on the provision of access and guarantee on rights over land plots for people belonging to economically-weak bracket.
Last but not least, the program encourages the improvement of hajj pilgrimage services and the provision of free meals for nine days during the pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia.
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